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Friday, March 1, 2013

Other Kinds of Globalization: Sahara Dust Makes Sierra Snow and Our Ancient Footsteps Are Made of Lice

Posted by on Fri, Mar 1, 2013 at 2:09 PM

From the Smithsonian:

... dust blown from as far away as the Sahara desert of Africa can seed rain and snow clouds in the Sierra Nevada mountains of California.

Cloud formation depends upon tiny particles such as dust that serve as cloud condensation nuclei or ice nuclei—flecks that act as a surface on which water can condense. Previous studies have found that dust from as far away as the Taklimakan desert in China can be blown around the globe. But temperate deserts such as the Taklimakan and the Gobi are frozen much of the year, while the Sahara never freezes, the researchers noted. Could the Sahara and deserts in the Middle East serve as a significant source of year-round dust which, when lofted high into the atmosphere, seeded storms across the planet?

The answer is yes. Of the six storms the researchers sampled, all showed at least some trace of dust. Then, working backward to determine the origin of each of these air masses and using existing data from previous studies on wind currents across the Pacific, they found strong evidence that the majority of the dust had originated in Africa, the Middle East or Asia and traveled around the globe. Additionally, the observed height of various drafts of dust (as collected by a U.S. Navy program) on the days when the air masses would have moved past the African and Asian regions matched the altitude necessary for the particles to get lifted up into the air currents.

Also on the Smithsonian blog, geneticists are tracking human migration around the globe by looking at the genetic diversity of the lice we carried with us.

I've got a hunch I'll be blowing most of today on science blogs.

 

Comments (10) RSS

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1
This is my area of expertise. I'm happy to field any questions.
Posted by wxPDX on March 1, 2013 at 2:19 PM
2
First question: Is this a new phenomenon? Or has distant desert been seeding our clouds for centuries?

Second question: If it is new, why? If it is old, why are we just tumbling to this?

Thanks in advance. (And what do you do, by the way? Climatologist?)
Posted by Brendan Kiley on March 1, 2013 at 2:31 PM
3
(Er, "distant desert sand been seeding...")
Posted by Brendan Kiley on March 1, 2013 at 2:32 PM
4
Ooh me too. Tiny salt particles (which become airborne when sea foam/bubbles pop and gain altitude in updrafts) actually function better than dust as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), and the air above the Sierras generally would not be short on CCN. So while it's super cool that specs of Sahara dust are embedded in snowflakes in the Sierras, it's the moisture content of the air that will limit or enhance snowfall there, not the availability of CCN. That said, the type and amount of CCN can affect us in the form of visibility (Seattle's clearest days are with east winds, which is due to a combination of low salt particles and low humidity, for example) as well as -- to a limited extent -- cloud and precipitation patterns on the short-term local scale ("cloud-seeding" is based on this premise).
Posted by G g on March 1, 2013 at 2:35 PM
5
@wxPDX: are we coworkers? Are you slogging at work, too? For shame...
Posted by G g on March 1, 2013 at 2:38 PM
rob! 6
Errybuddy in Africa, the Middle East, and Asia, take your carpets outside and beat the devil out of them, please. Winter snowpack in my part of the western U.S. is currently about 50% of average.
Posted by rob! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QZBdUceCL5U on March 1, 2013 at 2:39 PM
Pope Peabrain 7
The Sahara dust also feeds the Amazon, which has poor soil.
Posted by Pope Peabrain on March 1, 2013 at 2:43 PM
8
@2: 1) not new; 2) Dust as cloud condensation nuclei isn't a new research topic (try a google scholar search on "dust ccn")...what seems newsworthy about this Science article is that they've been able to track and prove the specific source of some CCN in a specific region: instead of claiming that dust from the Sahara could seed clouds in the Sierras, they're saying dust from the Sahara DOES INDEED seed clouds in the Sierras. (Disclaimer: I only read the abstract and the article you linked; I don't have a Science subscription.)
Posted by G g on March 1, 2013 at 3:17 PM
9
Thanks G_g, I agree with everything you said. I don't think we work together, because I'm able to access the paper. Basically, they did an aircraft campaign to take in-situ samples and data. They ran mass spec and did TEM analysis (though when I did TEM on cloud aerosols, that gave us composition, so I'm not sure why they did mass spec on some of it). They found typical dust & biogenic particles, then did some HYSPLIT back trajectories. They note that the trajectories passed over several dust regions which likely contributed. Cleverly, they used CALIPSO observations in conjunction with the back trajectories to see when the parcel(s) picked up their dust, and how the particulate matter was lofted for long range transport. That part is cool and I might crib it for my own research. I'd say the use of LIDAR w/ HYSPLIT, and that the dust went westward in the mid-latitudes (instead of eastward in the tropics, which is the usual way Sahara dust reaches the US) is what got this paper into Science. But I disagree with the authors when they say remote aerosol influence on precip formation hasn't been a focus of study -- it definitely has.
Posted by wxPDX on March 1, 2013 at 5:29 PM
10
@2 I am an atmospheric scientist. I've done climatology, but now do mostly cloud microphysics and aerosol transport. There's connections between the two via radiation effects. The biggest uncertainty in the 2007 IPCC estimates of global warming were attributed to cloud-aerosol interactions, so there's a lot of study on this topic.
Posted by wxPDX on March 1, 2013 at 5:32 PM

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