A Moscow judge sentenced three members of the Russian punk rock band Pussy Riot to two years in prison for an anti-Putin stunt performed at a Russian Orthodox cathedral. Yet another reminder that a lot of countries have guns, but what really makes the United States special is the First Amendment.
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but what really makes the United States special is the First Amendment.
Tents and structures are well-established as viable instruments of political speech, and maintaining tents and temporary structures continuously have acknowledged speech value. See, e.g., Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence, 468 U.S. 288 (1984); Students Against Apartheid Coalition v. O’Neil, 660 F.Supp. 333 (W.D. Va. 1987); ACORN v. City of Tulsa, 835 F.2d 735, 742 (10th Cir. 1987) (recognizing speech value of symbolic structures in parks); University of Utah Students Against Apartheid v. Peterson, 649 S. Supp. 1200, 1204-1205 (D. Utah 1986) (students maintained continuous presence with shanties over many months, enhancing their expressive character). Two federal district courts have recently held that “tenting and sleeping” in a public park as part of a political demonstration unquestionably is expressive conduct implicating the protections of the First Amendment. Occupy Minneapolis v. County of Hennepin, ____ F. Supp. 2d ___, 2011 WL 5878359, *4 (D. Minn. 2011) (sleeping and overnight occupation of tents in a park was expressive conduct protected by the First Amendment, though it could be regulated by a permit scheme that functioned as a valid time place and manner restriction); Occupy Fort Myers v. City of Fort Myers, ____ F. Supp. 2d ___, 2011 WL 5554034, *5 (M.D. Florida 2011) (same).
Assertions by both Plaintiffs and an agent of Defendants show that the presence of tents and overnight presence are expressive conduct. Plaintiffs discuss the importance of tents and overnight presence to protesting homelessness, Dec. of Harris at para. 6, Dec. of Morrow at para. as well as the tradition of continuous overnight political assembly and the use of tents as speech, citing examples from around the world as far as 1932, Dec. of Harris at para. 7-14.
Defendants, through one of their speaking agents, agree: tents are speech. Mr. Brock Milliern, currently Acting Manager of Stewardship and Sustainability for Seattle Parks and Recreation. Exhibit 5 to Dec. of Pence at pg. 2, ln. 1-2. He gave an interview in the course of the criminal prosecution of an Occupy Seattle protester, charged in relation to the use of tent in Westlake in October. Dec of Pence at para. 8.
Trieweiler: Okay. Do the tents themselves seem like a form of political expression to you?
Milliern: Not at first.
Trieweiler: At some point?
Milliern: Yeah.
Trieweiler: When?
Milliern: I don't know when my opinion changed about hat [sic].
Exhibit 5 to Dec. of Pence at p. 85, ln. 17-22 and pg. 86, ln. 1. A few questions later, Mr. Trieweiler followed up as to why Mr. Milliern concluded that the tents themselves were expressive:
Trieweiler: What made you come to that conclusion or that opinion [that tents are speech]?
Milliern: I feel like at some point the protesters, Occupy Seattle changed and really made the tents a focus of their protest and that, you know, taking the park with the tents became a focus of the protest.
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